Don't know what heavy duty engines you are referring to but a large commercial engine without a turbo or four has been nigh impossible to find for a very long time. Certainly not found in a diesel powered 45 footer capable of running 22 knots.
When I first got out of college a half century ago and started working with large fixed and mobile equipment engines they all were with turbos. Quite honestly I never worked around large mobile equipment without turbos. I'm referring to very large equipment where computer controlled injection and boost situations are managing up to a 200 gph fuel burn rate.
Engine life was and is easily warrantied to above 15,000 hours on "balls to the walls" multi thousand HP engine blocks running 24/7. Engine bolt ons such as pumps, alternators and injection systems have a shorter life span.
Whether genset or large mobile equipment applications, the heart and soul of big commercial engine longevity centers on lubrication and heat dissipation. Tracking fuel burn and power output ( continually downloaded) along with oil analysis is a science in itself. It has to be on say a 4 turbo 4000 HP haul truck engine pulling 100% rated load out of a deep open pit at 4700 meters.
So turboed engines having much shorter lifespans? Not in my world, no comparison possible in this era because non turbo heavy duty engines of plus 150 HP or so are nearly impossible to find and aren't legal anyway.
Yeah I know, all sorts of non turbo low HP diesel engines can be purchased for auxiliaries and Gensets. In these cases HP and engine size are not too relevant. But get to the class of marine or industrial engines the OP is referring and turbos are there, in 100% of the cases.