They are light sectors, showing the arc where the light is visible or not. They are another indication of where you are. If you can see the light, you are in the arc. Otherwise you are outside it. A good example would be a range light. They indicate where you should be in a narrow channel. They vary a bit, but typical would be white if you are in the channel, red if you are off to port, and green if you are off to starboard.
Chart zero is a good read, and good reference to have on board. It is the key to all the official cartography, and downloadable from the USCG for free.